{"id":283,"date":"2021-04-21T14:13:00","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T19:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/?p=283"},"modified":"2021-12-20T11:36:35","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T16:36:35","slug":"histograms-and-the-pmp-certification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/","title":{"rendered":"Histograms and the PMP Certification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Project Managers know how clients will react when presented with large amounts of data in the form of a spreadsheets with hundreds (better yet, thousands!) of rows of numbers with no context or clear meaning; it will not be a reaction of gratitude. On the other hand, if that same large dataset is presented using data visualization and a quality tool, like a histogram, then the client will be able to see the connection to the project decision needed. Histograms are a powerful tool for Project Managers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>On this page:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#what-is-a-histogram\">What is a Histogram?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Quality-Tools\">Quality Tools<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Histogram\">Histogram<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Histogram-as-Quality-Tool-for-PMP-Exam\">Histogram as Quality Tool for PMP Exam<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Histograms-Components\">Histograms Components<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#What-Makes-the-Histogram-Such-a-Special-Bar-Graph\">What Makes the Histogram Such a Special Bar Graph<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#PMP-Quality-Tools-Histogram-vs-Pareto\">PMP<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Quality Tools: Histogram vs Pareto<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Histogram-Examples\">Histogram Examples<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/project-quality-management-pmp\/#data-representation-in-quality-management\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/#Histogram-Uses-in-PMP-setting\">Histogram Uses in PMP setting<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/e360-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/2021\/06\/22121647\/Ultimate-Data-Quality-Guide-Thumbnail-1-183x250-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1650\" width=\"137\" height=\"188\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><br><strong>Free Download: <\/strong><br><strong>The Ultimate Data Quality Guide<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Learn about the 7 data quality<\/em><br><em> tools every project manager <\/em><br><em>should know!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\thbspt.enqueueForm({\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tportalId: 3294842,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tformId: \"337e0f3b-15f5-4cb5-9041-20ee1e2444ae\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttarget: \"#hbspt-form-1775326383000-7605276045\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tregion: \"na1\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hbspt-form\" id=\"hbspt-form-1775326383000-7605276045\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"what-is-a-histogram\">What is a Histogram? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Histograms are a statistical tool included in the Project Management Professional (PMP)\u00ae certification exam as they are used by project managers to plan and manage quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Quality-Tools\">Quality Tools<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When <a href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/pmp-certification-requirements\">preparing for the PMP certification exam<\/a>, or as a PMP certification holder, you will know of the \u201cSeven Tools of Quality\u201d credited to <a href=\"https:\/\/asq.org\/about-asq\/honorary-members\/ishikawa\">Kaoru Ishikawa<\/a>, a professor of engineering at Tokyo University and the father of &#8220;quality circles.&#8221; The seven quality tools are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Cause and Effect Diagrams<\/li><li>Check Sheets<\/li><li>Control Charts<\/li><li>Flow Charts<\/li><li>Histogram<\/li><li>Pareto Charts<\/li><li>Scatter Diagrams<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As the basic level, the type of project work, the data available, and the question to be answered will determine which tool, or even combination of tools, is the best fit. The PMP certification exam may include questions asking to identify one of the seven tools or more scenario-based questions about the use of a quality tool.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Histogram\">Histogram<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The term histogram is credited to <a href=\"https:\/\/data-xtractor.com\/blog\/data-visualization\/chart-history-who-invented-this-chart-type\/#Who_Invented_the_Histogram\">Karl Pearson&nbsp;(1857 \u2013 1936), an English mathematician and bio-statistician<\/a>. Note that he is credited with the term \u201chistogram\u201d not the actual tool itself which likely was already in existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%201.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 1\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The American Society of Quality (ASQ) lists the histogram as not only one of the seven quality tools, but the <a href=\"https:\/\/asq.org\/quality-resources\/histogram\">most frequently used graph to show frequency distributions<\/a>. As first glance, one not trained in PMP quality tools may think that it is merely a bar graph. And while it is a bar graph, it is also a specific visual representation of data that conveys meaning in how it is structured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Histogram-as-Quality-Tool-for-PMP-Exam\">Histogram as Quality Tool for PMP Exam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How is a histogram used? <span style=\"color: black;\">The histogram is used for statistical analysis in financial and industrial settings. It also has application in projects and is included in the body of knowledge assessed for the PMP exam. <span style=\"color: black;\">Consider these definitions of the term histogram but from the lens of a project manager or PMP credential holder:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval (source: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/google-dictionary-en\"><em>Oxford Languages via Google<\/em><\/a><em>)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>the resource histogram is specifically a bar chart used for displaying the specific amounts of time that a particular&nbsp;resource&nbsp;is scheduled to be worked on over a predetermined and specific time period (source: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/project-management-knowledge.com\/definitions\/r\/resource-histogram\/#:~:text=Specifically%20speaking%2C%20the%20resource%20histogram,predetermined%20and%20specific%20time%20period.\"><em>Project Management Knowledge Definitions<\/em><\/a><em>) <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For project managers without formal training in statistics or mathematical computations, it is likely that last definition that sparks the \u201cah-ha!\u201d moment. The histogram, a bar graph, provides a means to display variable data measured on a continuous scale for metrics such as time, temperature, weight, and speed. In that way histograms are a powerful quality tool. Additionally, from the lens of a PMP credential holder, a resource histogram is a specific use of the tool using project resource data to provide insight into allocation over time. For project managers who know the \u201cTotal Quality Management\u201d philosophy and\/or the \u201cSix Sigma\u201d project management methodology, histograms are familiar. In those settings the tool is included as a means to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brighthubpm.com\/six-sigma\/126477-histograms-guide-project-managers-tools-for-quality-improvement\/\">determine productivity<\/a> and asses a process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Histograms-Components\">Histograms Components<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The visual components of a histogram convey meaning, so project managers need to know what the proportions of each part mean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%202.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 2\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The PMP histogram provides information about a process in terms of time and the occurrence of specific aspects. Instead of an overwhelming list of numbers, the histogram conveys critical information with an image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"What-Makes-the-Histogram-Such-a-Special-Bar-Graph\">What Makes the Histogram Such a Special Bar Graph<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>PMP credential holders may wonder why if the histogram is a bar graph it has its own special name and it included in the PMP certification exam. The answer is that while a bar graph displays data in bars, the bars of a <span style=\"color: black;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brighthubpm.com\/six-sigma\/126477-histograms-guide-project-managers-tools-for-quality-improvement\/\">histogram represent continuous data for a specific range that are measured in terms of frequencies and intervals; thus, the bars are connected to each other<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #212529;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Studying for the PMP Exam?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-50 is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/free-pmp-questions?cat=pmp-quality\" style=\"border-radius:20px;background-color:#366194\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Practice Questions on Quality<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"PMP-Quality-Tools-Histogram-vs-Pareto\">PMP<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Quality Tools: Histogram vs Pareto<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Just as all bar graphs are not histograms, they are also not Pareto charts. Like the histogram, the Pareto uses the bar placement to convey information. The key difference being that in a Pareto, the bars are organized by the order of impact. The PMP certification exam may also include questions asking for your interpretation of bar chart, histogram, and Pareto including when to use which.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%203.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 3\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8px;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both histograms and Pareto diagrams require statistical analysis. Review your project management software to see what tools it may include for creation of these tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Histogram-Examples\">Histogram Examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You now know that a histogram uses bars and the height of the bars to convey information. How does data actually go from a list into a graphical display? The <a href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/difference-between-a-pareto-chart-histogram.html\">Study.com example<\/a> builds from a classical histogram using data about trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%204.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 4\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #555555;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #555555;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #555555;\">&nbsp;<\/span>Reading about data sets and statistical analysis can make it hard to see how that turns into a graphical display. With this example from the <a href=\"https:\/\/corporatefinanceinstitute.com\/resources\/excel\/study\/histogram\/\">Corporate Finance Institute<\/a>, the scenario depicts a common situation in which data can provide insight into the customer experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%205.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 5\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"Histogram-Uses-in-PMP-setting\">Histogram Uses in PMP setting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A histogram is a quality tool thus the <a href=\"https:\/\/asq.org\/quality-resources\/histogram\">American Society of Quality (ASQ)<\/a> provides a great listing of when to use one:<em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><span style=\"color: #090909;\"> <em><span style=\"color: #090909;\">analyzing whether a process can meet the customer\u2019s requirements<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #090909;\"> <em><span style=\"color: #090909;\">analyzing what the output from a supplier\u2019s process looks like<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #090909;\"> <em><span style=\"color: #090909;\">seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to another<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #090909;\"> <em><span style=\"color: #090909;\">determining whether the outputs of two or more processes are different<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For the PMP environment it is important that the project manager know when to use a histogram. <a href=\"https:\/\/project-management-knowledge.com\/definitions\/h\/histogram\/\">Examples<\/a> include but are not limited to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>determine the profitability of a project activity<\/li><li>monitor different processes<\/li><li>analyze the intensity of each project intensity<\/li><li>determine which aspect of the project process should be further analyzed for improvement<\/li><li>illustrate underlying distributions of data<\/li><li>capture process information for predicting future outcomes<\/li><li>provide insights into process changes<\/li><li>conveys large data sets in concise format for easier comprehension<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: black;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Project managers should also know the use of a histogram as a resource tool. Consider this <a href=\"https:\/\/flylib.com\/books\/en\/4.107.1.44\/1\/\">resource histogram pmp example<\/a> which combines a Gannt chart with a histogram to better understand the scope of how and when resources are used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/f.hubspotusercontent40.net\/hubfs\/3294842\/Histogram%20PMP%206.jpg\" alt=\"Histogram PMP 6\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px; color: #222222;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"color: #222222;\">Project software can help create the resource histogram in which as changes are made to a resource, the diagram will convey the potential impact. With a resource histogram PMP, the <a href=\"https:\/\/project-management-knowledge.com\/definitions\/r\/resource-histogram\/#:~:text=Specifically%20speaking%2C%20the%20resource%20histogram,predetermined%20and%20specific%20time%20period.\">Project Manager has a single page tool for the team and\/or leader to better understand<\/a><span style=\"color: #222222;\"> and manage the resources. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Histogram within PMP certification exam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The histogram for the PMP encompasses knowing what the tool is, the value it brings to the quality process, how it compares to other tools, and how to interpret the data it conveys.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Studying for the PMP Exam?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background\" href=\"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/free-pmp-questions\" style=\"border-radius:2px;background-color:#366194\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PMP Practice Questions<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:8px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"BlogPosting\",\n  \"mainEntityOfPage\": {\n    \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n    \"@id\": \"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/resources\/blog\/histograms-and-the-pmp-certification\/\"\n  },\n  \"headline\": \"Histograms and the PMP Certification\",\n  \"description\": \"Histograms are a statistical tool included in the Project Management Professional (PMP)\u00ae certification exam as they are used by project managers to plan and manage quality.\",\n  \"image\": \"https:\/\/e360-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/2021\/04\/10103917\/histogram-pmp.jpg\",  \n  \"author\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Person\",\n    \"name\": \"Megan Bell\",\n    \"url\": \"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/\"\n  },  \n  \"publisher\": {\n    \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n    \"name\": \"Project Management Academy\",\n    \"logo\": {\n      \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/projectmanagementacademy.net\/\"\n    }\n  },\n  \"datePublished\": \"2021-04-21\",\n  \"dateModified\": \"2021-09-01\"\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is a histogram used?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The histogram is used for statistical analysis in financial and industrial settings. It also has application in projects and is included in the body of knowledge assessed for the PMP exam. \"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What are the seven quality tools?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Cause and Effect Diagrams, Check Sheets, Control Charts, Flow Charts, Histogram, Pareto Charts, Scatter Diagrams\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a Histogram?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Histograms are a statistical tool included in the Project Management Professional (PMP)\u00ae certification exam as they are used by project managers to plan and manage quality.\"}}]}<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Project Managers know how clients will react when presented with large amounts of data in the form of a spreadsheets with hundreds (better yet, thousands!) of rows of numbers with no context or clear meaning; it will not be a reaction of gratitude. On the other hand, if that same large dataset is presented using [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1229,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pmp-exam-prep","category-pmp-quality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.0 - 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